Introduction:
Located in the mountains of China’s Shaanxi Province lies one of the most important archaeological finds of our time: the Terracotta Army. Commissioned by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of unified China, this profound tomb has mesmerized the world with its intricate details, majesty, and the vast size of the collection.
For centuries, the Terracotta Warriors were hidden underground, until 1974 when local farmers discovered this hidden treasure. What emerged from the ground was a marvel: an entire army of Terracotta Warriors, each a unique work of art, carefully crafted to guard the final resting place of an emperor whose intentions were unknown. This showed the thoughts, beliefs, and wisdom of ancient Chinese culture. The Terracotta Warriors was evidence of the insight into the mind of a ruler who sought to conquer not only the world of the living people but life beyond. Each soldier, with their unique facial features, hairstyles and weapons, tells the story of the craftsmanship and cultural value that flourished during the Qin Dynasty.
Covering an area of 22 square miles and featuring thousands of statues, chariots and horses, this massive complex is a testament to Qin Shi Huang’s vision and determination. It is a physical manifestation of his ongoing quest for immortality and how far he is willing to go to be remembered and hold a place in history. As you walk through the excavated pits, the size and complexity of the Terracotta Army serves as a reminder of the achievements of ancient civilizations and the lasting legacy they left behind. These clay guardians invite visitors to embark on a journey through time, offering a fascinating window into a rich part of human history and the ongoing quest for power, immortality and cultural context. We have studied various layers of the Qin Dynasty as well as the terracotta warriors with specific study questions in mind. What have the warriors revealed about that time period in China? What purpose did they serve? How were they crafted during this time?
Qin Shi Huang in a 19th century portrait, with Korean colophons, a copy of an 1609 Chinese portrait.
The Rise of Qin Shi Huang and the Qin Dynasty:
The Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) was an important period in Chinese history, marking the beginning of the era of establishing imperial power. Qin Shi Huang, born Zhao Zheng, came to power in the 13th 3rd century BCE [DL edits] at the age of 13, and the empire was plunged into the turmoil of the Warring States Period, an era of turmoil characterized by constant conflict between rival states fighting for sovereignty.
Driven by the unrelenting ambition and unwavering determination of his youth, Qin Shi Huang embarked on a campaign of conquest that would change the course of Chinese history forever. Through a series of well-executed plans and a terrifying display of military, he conquered the six rival kingdoms, unified China under his rule, and established the Qin Dynasty as the first emperor in Chinese history.
Qin Shi Huang’s reign was also strongly influenced by the philosophy of Legitimacy Legalism (fajia) [DL edits], a thought that was very different from the Confucian ideas that had dominated Chinese society for a long time. Legalism saw human nature as selfish and in need of strong authority, and advocated strict enforcement of laws, strict punishments, and the absolute power of the king in order to maintain peace and stability. Qin Shi Huang implemented a series of radical reforms that sought to decentralize power and unify the various forms of government. From weights and measures to written language, his reforms aimed to create a uniform system that would facilitate proper administration and consolidate his authority over a vast expanse of newly conquered territory. However, Qin Shi Huang’s reign was not without controversy. His harsh measures, which included the persecution of Confucian scholars and the burning of books fueled public anger and opposition. In addition, construction projects, such as the Great Wall of China and the underground cemetery, put a lot of pressure on workers, and require a lot of labor and resources.
Despite the challenges and opposition he faced, Qin Shi Huang remained committed to his power and authority, driven by reluctance to consolidate his power.
The Terracotta Army: a wonder of ancient craftsmanship
In the midst of his ambitious plans, Qin Shi Huang became deeply fascinated by the concept of immortality. Driven by this obsession, he ordered the construction of elaborate catacombs, complete with an army of clay soldiers made to protect him in the afterlife. The first emperor was also known to search island after island for an “elixir of life” that he thought would bring longevity/immortality to its drinker. This massive undertaking, now known as the Terracotta Warriors, is a testament to the technical skill and artistic mastery of ancient Chinese craftsmanship.
The Terracotta Warriors were discovered by chance in 1974 by a farmer digging a well near Xi’an. Composed of over 8,000 life-size clay soldiers, his 130 chariots with 520 horses, and his 150 mounted knights, each figure has unique facial features, hairstyles, and armor. It is a unique piece of art that has been meticulously crafted. The soldiers are arranged in battle formations, reflecting the hierarchy and military strategy of the time, as if preparing to set out on an expedition at the command of the emperor.
Creating the Terracotta Army was not an easy task. The intricate shaping, assembly, and firing process demonstrated the skill of Qin craftsmen. The figure was constructed in sections, the torso and arms formed from rolled clay slabs, and the head carved separately in elaborate detail. Once assembled, the warriors were baked in a giant oven, large enough to hold multiple figures at once, ensuring strength and durability.
But the artistry didn’t end there. As a final touch to bring these silent guards to life, the warriors were carefully painted in bright colors that indicate their individual rank, status, and identity. Although the remains of these pigments have faded over time, they are still adhered to the figures’ surfaces, providing a fascinating look at the rich colors and intricate patterns on these ancient works of art..
The scale and complexity of the Terracotta Army is proof of the resources, organization, and talent that Qin Shi Huang assembled in pursuit of his great vision. Thousands of skilled craftsmen worked tirelessly for decades to manage to complete this massive project. This project continues to leave modern observers in awe of the technical and artistic achievements of ancient Chinese civilization.
Terra-Cotta Soldier
Material: Clay
Size: 190 cm high
Date: 221-210 B.C
Period: Qin Dynasty
Repository: Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum
Terracotta Soldier
Material: Clay
Size: 190 cm high
Date: 221-210 B.C
Period: Qin Dynasty
Repository: Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum- showing military order/strategy.
A portion of the Terracotta Army, the clay life-size army in the tomb of the Qin emperor Shi Huangdi. c. 210 BCE, Shaanxi Province, China.
https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5429/terracotta-army/
Showing the variety in craftsmanship a lot of the soldiers were typically missing a head because they were fired separately from the body and the attached later. Shows some production flaws, yet intact shows durability and strength in their craftsmanship. Underground for over 2000 years. Discovered in 1974.
Purpose and meaning of clay warrior:
The Terracotta Warriors are a powerful and enduring symbol of Qin Shin Huang’s obsession with power, his quest for immortality, and his desire to extend his dominion into the afterlife. According to ancient Chinese beliefs during the Qin Dynasty, the souls of the dead begin their journey to the underworld, where they continue their earthly existence in a parallel world and are freed from the constraints of mortality.
With this belief in mind, Qin Shi Huang formulated the Terracotta Warriors. This Terracotta Army is a legion of clay soldiers, chariots, and horses destined to protect him and serve as an unstoppable force in the underworld, ensuring his continued rule and supremacy over all realms.
In addition to their deep symbolic meaning, the Terracotta Warriors offer an unprecedented window into the military strategy, craftsmanship, and cultural beliefs that shaped the Qin dynasty. The meticulous attention to detail seen in every aspect of the characters, from the intricate designs of their armor and weapons to the precise facial expressions that express their various emotions, provides a vivid and captivating glimpse into the sophistication and depth of what the Qin craftsmen could do at the time.
Additionally the Terracotta Warriors serve as a tangible demonstration of the influence of legitimacy on Qin Shihuang’s reign. The strict hierarchical organization of soldiers, their uniform dimensions and adherence to prescribed standards, their scale and complexity of their missions, demonstrate the emperor’s emphasis on order, control, and concentration of power, which are fundamental principles of legalist philosophy.
In many ways, the Terracotta Warriors represent the epitome of Qin Shihuang’s ambitions and the principles that guided his reign. Standing like silent sentinels, these figures testify to the unwavering determination and bold vision of rulers who sought to conquer not only this world but also the afterlife, leaving an indelible mark on the annals of human history. Furthermore, the Terracotta Warriors serve as a powerful symbol of ancient China’s cultural and spiritual beliefs, offering insights into the intricate philosophies that shaped the worldview of the Qin people. The intricate details and symbolic representations woven into each figure speak volumes about the complex belief systems and rituals surrounding death, the afterlife, and the respect of the deceased – a rich tapestry of spiritual and philosophical thought that has left an enduring legacy.
A chariot from the ‘Terracotta Army‘. Tomb of Shi Huangdi, 259-210 BCE, Shaanxi Province, China.
Traditional and modern meaning:
The legacy of the Terracotta Warriors extends far beyond its historical and archaeological significance, transcending boundaries of time and culture and capturing the collective imagination of people around the world. These ancient wonders have become iconic symbols, inspiring countless artistic interpretations, museum exhibitions and even feature films. For example, at the University of Troy, Alabama you can see 200 replicas of The Terracotta Soldiers and also in Faringdon, Uk on park grounds there are more replicas. For centuries, the Terracotta Warriors existed as silent guardians; Their existence was only put in history until the accidental discovery in 1974 revived interest in the study of ancient history, art and philosophy. This remarkable discovery not only sheds light on the ambitions and beliefs of the Qin dynasty, but also opens a fascinating window into China’s rich cultural heritage and the lasting influence of this ancient civilization on human knowledge and creative contributions.
In modern times, technological advances have further enhanced our ability to communicate with the Terracotta Warriors and discover their secrets. Virtual reality experiences and highly detailed 3D scans provide unprecedented access to these ancient artifacts, allowing scientists, artists and enthusiasts to explore their complexity from all angles and explore the passage of time that now reveals hidden details that were once hidden.
Beyond their academic and artistic significance, the Terracotta Warriors have become a powerful symbol of China’s national pride and cultural identity. These clay guardians are a striking reminder of this country’s glorious past and testify to the remarkable achievements and ingenious innovations of ancient civilizations. They serve as an inspiration and unifying factor for a nation that has endured centuries of turbulent history, giving the Chinese people a sense of their enduring heritage and the trajectory of their culture. It reminds us of the resilience that has defined us.
Moreover, the Terracotta Warriors transcend national significance and become a universal symbol of human ingenuity, creativity and the constant quest for immortality. They speak to the common human experience of ambition, curiosity, and the desire to leave a lasting mark on the world—an experience that transcends cultural boundaries and resonates with people from all walks of life. In the modern world, the Terracotta Warriors continue to fascinate and inspire, inspiring debates about the nature of power, the pursuit of heritage, and the role of art and culture in shaping our understanding of the past, present, and future. They are a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and the inextricable connection between art, history and human experience, and take us on a journey of discovery that spans millennia and cultures.
It is also apparent that throughout history tombs and burrial ceremonies were given much thought. An example that was previously discussed in class goes all the way back to the shang dynasty where Lady Hao was burried in a tomb decorated in goods. Similarly to the warriros the rulers death was carefully planned and goods were crafted for the purpose.
Fu Hao Tomb, c. 1200 BC, Reign of King Wu Ding, Shang Dynasty
Reconstructed tomb (Original Artifacts in National Museum in Beijing and Henan Museum in Zhengzhou). Yin Ruins Tomb, Chariot Burials, and Museum, Anyang, final capital of Shang Dynasty, c. 1400-1100 BC.
Long-Term Consequences of Legalism:
Although the Qin dynasty was relatively short-lived, Legalism’s influence on Chinese governance and social norms left an indelible mark on the country’s history. The concepts of centralized authority, strict adherence to law, and the priority of order over individual freedom can still be observed in many aspects of modern Chinese society and governance.
The principles of Legalism, deeply rooted during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, continued to shape political ideology and government strategies throughout China’s dynastic history and to the present day. Today, the country’s emphasis on social stability, regulatory compliance, and the primacy of government power still reflects legalistic ideas.
Literature Review:
Liu, Yang, and Edmund. Capon. China’s Terracotta Warriors : The First Emperor’s Legacy. MIA, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 2012.
The review highlights Liu Yang’s efforts to place the Terracotta Warriors in the broader historical context of the Warring States period and the rise of the Qin Dynasty, providing an understanding of the political and cultural landscape in which the Terracotta Army was created. The essays by Eugene Wang and Albert Dien, discussed in the review, offer insights into the beliefs about the afterlife and the military strategies of the time, respectively. These perspectives can contribute to the discussion of the purpose and significance of the Terracotta Warriors, both as a funerary offering and a representation of the First Emperor’s military power. The review mentions Liu Yang’s analysis of the archaeological discoveries in Gansu and Shaanxi, which shed light on the cultural influences and the progression of the Qin state. The craftsmanship and resources available during the creation of the Terracotta Army, as well as the cultural and artistic influences that shaped its design and production. The Terracotta Warriors provide insights into ancient Chinese history, art, and craftsmanship. Their legacy endures as a symbol of China’s rich cultural heritage and continues to fascinate and inspire people worldwide, serving as a testament to the achievements of the Qin dynasty.
Jacobs, W. E. 2007. “Qin Shi Huang.” Qin Shi Huang, July, 1.
It discusses his early life, his ascension to the throne at a young age, and his aggressive campaign to conquer and unify the warring feudal kingdoms. This background information is crucial for understanding the historical context in which Legalism emerged and the Terracotta Warriors were created. The article highlights Qin Shi Huang’s adoption of Legalism as a governing philosophy, which emphasized strict adherence to laws and the use of harsh punishments to maintain order. The article provides details about Qin Shi Huang’s obsession with obtaining immortality and the construction of his massive underground tomb, which housed the Terracotta Army. The article mentions Qin Shi Huang’s efforts to standardize various aspects of governance, such as the legal code, writing system, weights and measures, and even the width of cart axles.
Conclusion:
The Terracotta Warriors represent an outstanding testament to the ingenuity, ambition and faith of ancient Chinese civilization. These life-size clay soldiers were commissioned by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China, to protect him in the afterlife and ensure the continuation of his reign beyond the human world. With their intricate details, meticulous craftsmanship, and sheer size, the Terracotta Warriors provide a fascinating insight into the military strategy, cultural beliefs, and artistic prowess of the Qin Dynasty. They serve as powerful symbols of Qin Shihuang’s obsession with immortality and his adherence to a legalistic philosophy that emphasized strict laws, harsh punishments, and the absolute power of the ruler. The influence of the Terracotta Warriors extends far beyond their historical and archaeological significance. As humanity continues to unravel the mysteries of the past, the Terracotta Warriors stand as a powerful reminder of the extraordinary achievements and complex belief systems of ancient civilizations. Through their eternal gaze, these clay sentinels invite us to embark on a journey of discovery, offering a captivating window into the rich tapestry of human history and the enduring legacy of those who came before us.
The Terracotta Army Panorama
(Birdseye view of the grand mausoleum)
Sources
Jacobs, W. E. 2007. Qin shi huang. Qin Shi Huang: 1, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=khh&AN=25890878&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8986602.
Portal, Jane, and Hiromi Kinoshita. 2007. The first emperor : China’s terracotta army. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Tyson, Adam, and Xinye Wu. 2016. Ethnic conflict and the new legalism in china. Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 22 (4): 373-92.
Liu, Chao-Hui Jenny. China Review International 19, no. 4 (2012): 626–29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43685393.
Portal, Jane, and Hiromi Kinoshita. 2007. The first emperor : China’s terracotta army. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Tim, Y., Ouyang, T., & Zeng, D. (2020). Back to the future: Actualizing technology affordances to transform Emperor Qin’s terracotta warriors Museum.Information & Management, 57(8), 103271. https://10.1016/j.im.2020.103271
Wagner, D. B. (2022). Bronze Weapons of the Qin Terracotta Warriors: Standardisation, Craft Specialisation and Labour Organization by Xiuzhen Li (review). Asian Perspectives (Honolulu), 61(1), 179-181. https://10.1353/asi.2022
